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''Monica's Gang'' (originally titled ''Turma da Mônica'' in Portuguese) or ''Monica & Friends'' is a popular Brazilian comic book franchise created by Mauricio de Sousa. The series was originally based on a newspaper comic strip in which the protagonists were Blu (''Bidu'') and Franklin (''Franjinha''), launched by the newspaper Folha da Manhã in 1959. Over the years the series has been gaining a large audience, with new characters constantly being added to the lineup. Jimmy Five (''Cebolinha'') and Monica (''Mônica'') were eventually given their own comic books, hence the title "Monica's Gang." The characters and comics were eventually adapted into cartoons, video games, movies, theme parks and a wide range of products. The stories revolve around the adventures of Monica and her many friends in the fictional neighborhood of "Limoeiro" in São Paulo. The neighborhood was inspired by the neighborhood of Cambuí, in Campinas and the city of Mogi das Cruzes, where de Sousa spent his childhood.〔(MundoHQ - Pelezinho vai para a Copa!!! )〕 However, the comic books do not simply revolve around the stories of Monica and her friends. Other characters created by de Sousa include Chuck Billy 'n' Folks, Tina's Pals, Lionel's Kingdom and Bug-a-Booo. Monica's Gang was published by Abril and Globo and has been published by Panini Comics since 2007. In 2008 a spin-off series, ''Monica Teen'', was created in a manga style and features the characters as teenagers. == Publication history == Maurício de Sousa, then reporter for Folha da Manhã, in 1959 decided to enter the field of comics hitherto little disputed in the country.〔(Turma da Mônica o Começo do Começo )〕 In the same year made his first characters Blu and Franklin, and decided that Blu would be the protagonist.〔(Bidu primeiro e único )〕 Both were based on his own childhood, Franklin based on Maurício himself and Blu on his pet dog Cuíca.〔(Perguntas e respostas )〕 In the following year of 1960, the characters gained ground through the children's magazine ''Zaz Traz'' by publisher Editora Outubro, later getting their own comic titled ''Bidu'' by Editora Continental. However, the magazines were canceled that same year.〔(Todos os gibis da turma: pré-história )〕 After that the characters returned to newspaper strips, the character Jimmy Five which had won great popularity in the previous magazines has become protagonist of their own strips of newspaper next to Blu and Franklin in 1961. Seeing potential in the character, Mauricio went on to create several supporting characters to appear in the Jimmy Five strips, like Smudge and Specs. But after so long Maurício received a complaint for the lack of feminine characters in his comics.〔(Turma da Mônica não tinha mulheres )〕 So to avoid further controversy, in 1963 Monica was created, initially as a supporting character in the Jimmy Five strips based on Mauricio's real daughter Mônica Sousa.〔(Crie invente )〕 Over time, the success and the charisma of the character made her be the protagonist of the series alongside Jimmy Five which became his sidekick. Also in 1963, Mauricio began to create new projects of comic strips with other characters without links with Monica and Jimmy Five, like ''Zezinho and Hiroshi'' (now called Chuck Billy 'n' Folks), ''The Cavern Clan'', ''Bug-a-Booo'', ''The Tribe'' and ''Raposão'' (now called Lionel's Kingdom). The characters only returned to be published in a monthly comic magazine from 1970, by publisher Abril, initially under the title of "Mônica e Sua Turma" (Monica and Her Gang), later being changed to "Mônica" and "Turma da Mônica" (Monica's Gang), the latter title used only for merchandising. With so many of the characters ever created by Mauricio in strips of newspaper also began to appear in magazines next to Monica's Gang. At that time the area of comics was more played in Brazil, many Brazilian artists were trying to hold his own in the stalls along the publications of American comics like Donald Duck, José Carioca, Little Lulu, and many others. Even with these new comics remained with their good sales on newsstands with this soon came to Jimmy Five magazine three years later. Sales were great and with that a contract with the footballer Pelé with Maurício for the launch of a character based on him the ''Pelezinho'', which was phenomenon among children at the time history logging in Brazilian comics.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Pelezinho: a história de um craque dos gibis )〕 The staff of cartoonists has grown, leading to the foundation of the Estúdios Maurício de Sousa, who produce comics with increasingly faster thus appearing more marketing projects and producing cartoons. The first attempts to make a Monica's Gang cartoon occurred in the late 60s during a deal with Cica food company that produced some commercials for television, these being commercial who originated the character Thunder, who is currently a main character of the Lionel's Kingdom. The first film was only released in 1982, As Aventuras da Turma da Mônica which was produced in partnership with ''Black & White & Color'' and distributed by Embrafilme. Over the years, other characters gained their own magazines, like Smudge (1982), Chuck Billy (1987) and Maggy (1989). Other media have strengthened over the years and Monica-branded merchandise were launched, with products like books, toys, discs, CD-ROM and video games. A Monica-themed amusement park was created in 1993 in São Paulo, titled "Parque da Mônica" (Monica Park). In 2008 the franchise has received a manga-style comic entitled Monica Teen.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Personagens da Turma da Mônica 'crescem' e viram mangá )〕 Due to its long history in comics and animation, plus the high level of products and merchanding Brazil in the series can be considered such a competent franchise as several classic characters from the global popular culture, such as Mickey Mouse, Peanuts, Astroboy, Asterix, Tintin, and many others. For this reason is obviously remarkable wonder that the characters are part of the childhood of many Brazilian kids through the generations. Nowadays the comics are sold in 40 countries in 14 languages.〔http://www.infoanimation.com.br/2014/01/turma-da-monica-no-mercado-internacional.html〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Monica's Gang」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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